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Typology of unconventional terrorism tactics
While advancements in technology, modernization, and globalization have helped many states prosper over the course of history, they have also opened terrorist groups to new tactics and weaponry. The different tactics that terrorist groups utilize can be very simple to extremely complex. In his book, ''Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge'', Harvard Law Professor Alan M. Dershowitz states that before the dawn of dynamite and automatic weapons, killings conducted by terrorists had to be done on a one-on-one basis.〔Alan M. Dershowitz, ''Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge''(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), pg.6.〕 Dershowitz also describes how the introduction of new weapons and technology has enabled terrorists to kill more efficiently and in greater amounts:
"The weapons of choice for earlier terrorists were the dagger, the noose, the sword, and the poison elixir. The introduction of the hand-thrown bomb and the pistol, and more recently the machine gun and plastic explosives, enabled terrorists to kill much more efficiently. Now weapons of mass, or ‘wholesale,’ destruction allow terrorists to ‘leverage’ their personnel, as proved by the events of September 11, 2001, in which a relatively small number of highly trained individuals armed with primitive box cutters and prepared to give up their own lives were able to use passenger jets as weapons of mass murder."〔Alan M. Dershowitz, ''Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge''(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), pg.7.〕
Terrorist tactics tend to favor attacks that avoid effective countermeasures and exploit vulnerabilities.〔FEMA, “Evolving Terrorist Threat: Long-term Trends and Drivers and Their Implications for Emergency Management,” September 2011, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/programs/oppa/evolving_terrorist_threat.pdf.〕 As such, terrorist groups have the potential to utilize many different types of terrorism tactics depending on the circumstances and the perceived likelihood of success. Some tactics are more conventional and widely used in the operations of many terrorist groups. These tactics include shootings, hijackings, kidnappings, bombings, and suicide attacks. Other tactics are seen more unconventional and have only been used in a few instances, if at all. However, these unconventional tactics are perceived by government officials and experts alike as serious potential threats. Some types of unconventional terrorism tactics commonly recognized by terrorism experts are bioterrorism, agroterrorism, nuclear terrorism, and cyberterrorism.
== Bioterrorism ==
Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants.〔J.V. Borelli, ''Bioterrorism: Prevention, Preparedness, and Protection'' (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007), vii.〕 Biological agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they can be changed to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resident to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment.〔 Biological agents in the hands of terrorists pose serious threats to states’ security because they can be easily spread through the air, through water, and through food.〔 Biological agents can also be difficult to detect and often do not cause illness for several hours to several days.〔 A prominent example of a bioterrorist attack on the United States is the September 2001 anthrax attacks. On September 18, 2001, several letters containing anthrax were sent to media outlets and the U.S. Congressional offices of Senator Thomas Daschle and Senator Patrick Leahy. Five Americans died from anthrax inhalation as a result of contact with the contaminated mail.〔J.V. Borelli, ''Bioterrorism: Prevention, Preparedness, and Protection'' (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007), 45.〕 While the 2001 anthrax attacks were relatively small-scale, the United States government has taken several steps since to 2001 to pass legislation and initiatives aimed at better protecting the United States against biological attacks, improving the United States’ public health system, and improving the United States ability to respond to biological attacks.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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